Method and apparatus for wavefront measurement that resolves the 2-pi ambiguity in such measurement and adaptive optics systems utilizing same

ABSTRACT

An improved wavefront sensor for characterizing phase distortions in incident light including optical elements that spatially sample the incident light and form a dispersed spot with a fringe pattern corresponding to samples of the incident light. An imaging device captures an image of the dispersed spot with said fringe pattern formed by said optical elements. And an image processor that analyzes the spectral components of the fringe pattern of a given dispersed spot to derive a measure of the local phase distortion without ambiguity in the corresponding sample of incident light. The optical elements may comprise refractive elements, diffractive elements or a combination thereof (such as a grism). The wavefront sensor may be part of an adaptive optic system (such as a large-aperture space telescope) to enable the measurement and correction of large phase steps across adjacent mirror segments of a deformable mirror.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.10/647,908 filed Aug. 25, 2003; which is a Continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 09/906,388 filed Jul. 16, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No.6,630,656; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/218,190 filed Jul. 14,2000; and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/766,211 filed Jan. 19, 2001, nowU.S. Pat. No. 6,649,895; each Application herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to wavefront sensors that measure andcharacterize the phase error in wavefronts, and adaptive optics systems,such as large aperture space telescopes, that utilize wavefront sensorsto measure and compensate for phase errors (caused primarily byatmospheric turbulence) in the wavefronts captured therein, therebyovercoming the blurring in images that would otherwise be caused by suchphase errors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

An adaptive optics system automatically corrects for light distortionsin the medium of transmission. For example, if you look far down a roadon a very hot and sunny day, you will often see what is usually called amirage. What you are seeing is the response of the rapidly changingtemperature in the air causing it to act like a thick, constantlybending lens. As another example, the twinkling of stars is due to theatmosphere surrounding the Earth. Although twinkling stars are pleasantto look at, the twinkling causes blurring on an image obtained through atelescope. An adaptive optics system measures and characterizes thephase distortion of a wavefront of light as it passes through the mediumof transmission (and the optical components transmitted therealong) andcorrects for such phase distortion using a deformable mirror (DM)controlled in real-time by a computer. The device that measures andcharacterizes the phase distortions in the wavefront of light is calleda wavefront sensor.

In an adaptive optics based large-aperture space telescope 11, asillustrative in FIG. 1, light from a nominal point source above theatmosphere enters the primary mirror 13 of the telescope 11 and isfocused and directed by mirrors 14A and 14B to an adaptive opticssubsystem 15. The adaptive optics subsystem 15 includes a tilt mirror 17and a deformable mirror 19 disposed between its source (the mirrors 14Aand 14B) and an imaging camera 31 and capturing an image of the pointsource. A beam splitter 21 directs a portion of the light directed tothe imaging camera by the mirrors 17, 19, to a wavefront sensor 23 thatmeasures the phase distortion in the wavefronts of light directedthereto. A computer 25 cooperates with mirror driver 27A to control thetilt mirror 17 to stabilize the image, and cooperates with the mirrordriver 27B to control the deformable mirror 19 to compensate for thephase distortions measured in the wavefront of the incident lightforming the image, thereby restoring sharpness of the image lost toatmospheric turbulence. In recent years, the technology and practice ofadaptive optics have become well-known in the astronomical community.

The most commonly used approach in the wavefront sensor 23 is theShack-Hartmann method. As shown in FIG. 2, this approach is completelygeometric in nature and so has no dependence on the coherence of thesensed optical beam. The incoming wavefront is broken into an array ofspatial samples, called subapertures of the primary aperture, by a twodimensional array of lenslets. The subaperture sampled by each lensletis brought to a focus at a known distance F behind each array. A twodimensional detector array (e.g., such as a CCD imaging device or CMOSimaging device) captures an image of the focal spots, and computer-basedimage processing routine tracks lateral position of such spots. Becausethe lateral position of the focal spot depends on the local tilt of theincoming wavefront, a measurement of all the subaperture spot positionsprovides a measure of the gradient of the incoming wavefront. Acomputer-based two-dimensional integration process called reconstructioncan then be used to estimate the shape of the original wavefront, andfrom the complex conjugate thereof derive the correction signals for thedeformable mirror (and the tilt mirror) that compensate for the measuredphase distortions.

In the Shack-Hartmann method, measurement inaccuracies due to opticaldistortion or misalignment of the sensor's optics are minimized bycombining the received wavefront with an internal reference laserwavefront upstream of the lenslet array and measuring subaperturetilt/tip as the difference in spot position between the two waves. Sincethe reference wave suffers no atmospheric distortion, any displacementof the reference wave's subaperture spot position from that of thesubaperture's chief ray is attributable to sensor distortion. Thedifferential spot position between the two waves, therefore, provides anaccurate measure of the received wavefront's distortion. TheShack-Hartmann sensor is more tolerant of vibration and temperatureconditions which, together with its simplicity, allows it to be used ina greater number of adaptive optic applications outside of thelaboratory.

However, the Shack-Hartmann method is sensitive to a phase step acrossthe subaperture. Such a phase step may be introduced, for example, ifthe subaperture bridges the gap between the two segments of a mirror. Ifa phase step is introduced across the subaperture, the far-field spotformed by the aperture will take on the form of an unaberrated spotcombined with a fringe pattern. For any given wavelength, this fringepattern shifts with changing phase difference, but the pattern repeatsfor every one wavelength change in phase difference. This is commonlyreferred to as a 2π ambiguity in phase difference. Importantly, this 2πambiguity leads to measurement errors for large phase steps.

In large aperture space telescopes, course adjustment is required tocorrect for large phase steps that are initially present within thesystem. As described above, the Schack-Hartmann method cannot accuratelymeasure such large phase steps.

In addition, because the Schack-Hartmann method cannot accuratelymeasure large phase steps, it is difficult and expensive to design andbuild Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors that can operate effectively inhighly turbulent transmission mediums. Such sensors require complex andcostly components that provide for high sampling frequencies to ensurethat the phase step between two successive sampling periods is withinthe dynamic range of the instrument.

Thus, there is a great need in the art for an improved wavefront sensingmechanism that avoids the shortcomings and drawbacks of prior artSchack-Hartmann wavefront sensors.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to provide animproved wavefront sensor that is free of the shortcomings and drawbacksof prior art wavefront sensors.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an improvedwavefront sensor that is capable of measuring large phase steps in awavefront without ambiguity (i.e., with the 2π ambiguity resolved).

Another object of the present invention is to provide an improvedwavefront sensor that provides the benefits inherent in Shack-Hartmannsensing, including high tolerance to vibration and temperaturevariations.

Another object of the present invention is to utilize dispersed fringetechniques over multiple subapertures of a pupil plane of the wavefrontsensor to form far-field fringe patterns corresponding to thesubapertures.

Another object of the present invention is to utilize image processingtechniques to analyze far-field fringe patterns corresponding to thesubapertures of the wavefront sensor in order to derive a measure of thelocal phase distortion without ambiguity in the sample of incident lightcorresponding the subapertures.

Another object of the present invention is to integrate an improvedwavefront sensor capable of measuring large phase steps withoutambiguity, into an adaptive optic subsystem and systems (such as a largeaperture space telescope).

Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved spacetelescope embodying an adaptive optics subsystem capable of measuringand correcting large wavefront phase errors free of 2π resolutionambiguity.

These and other objects of the present invention will become apparenthereinafter and in the Claims to Invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention, thefollowing Detailed Description of the Illustrative Embodiment should beread in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings.

FIG. 1A shows a prior art large aperture space telescope and an adaptiveoptics system.

FIG. 1B shows a prior art Shack-Hartmann sensor utilized in the systemof FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2 shows a large-aperture space telescope embodying an adaptiveoptics subsystem of the present invention which is capable of measuringand correcting large wavefront phase errors free of 2π resolutionambiguity.

FIGS. 3A shows an image of a dispersed spot (and the interference fringepattern formed therein) as captured by the imaging device of thewavefront sensor of the present invention.

FIG. 3B shows a simulation of an image of a dispersed spot (and theinterference fringe pattern formed therein) as captured by the imagingdevice of the wavefront sensor of the present invention

FIG. 4A shows a side schematic view of exemplary optical elements (i.e.a transmission grating and lens array) employed in the wavefront sensorof the present invention, wherein the optical elements spatially sampleincident light, form far-field spots corresponding to samples of theincident light, and disperse the fringe pattern of such spots onto anelectronic image sensor (i.e. camera).

FIG. 4B shows a top schematic view of the exemplary optical elementsshown in FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4C is a schematic illustration of the optical characteristics of agrism utilizable in the wavefront sensor of the present invention.

FIG. 4D is a schematic view of exemplary optical elements (i.e. firstand second dispersing elements) employed in the wavefront sensor of thepresent invention, wherein the optical elements spatially sampleincident light, form far-field spots corresponding to samples of theincident light, and disperse the fringe pattern of such spots onto anelectronic image sensor (i.e. camera).

FIG. 5 shows a side view of the improved wavefront sensor of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6A shows a blur spot with a phase step of 0.2 wave, resolved by thewavefront sensor of the present invention.

FIG. 6B shows a blur spot with a phase step of 0.5 wave, resolved by thewavefront sensor of the present invention.

FIG. 6C shows a blur spot with a phase step of 1.0 wave, resolved by thewavefront sensor of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating how the position of the peak in thespatial frequency of the interference pattern of the blur spot changesrelative to the phase step.

FIG. 8A shows a dispersed spot image captured by the imaging device ofthe wavefront sensor of the present invention, and having a phasedifference of 0.0 μ.

FIG. 8B shows a dispersed spot image captured by the imaging device ofthe wavefront sensor of the present invention, and having a phasedifference of 0.1 μ.

FIG. 8C shows a dispersed spot image captured by the imaging device ofthe wavefront sensor of the present invention, and having a phasedifference of 0.3 μ.

FIG. 8D shows a dispersed spot image captured by the imaging device ofthe wavefront sensor of the present invention, and having a phasedifference of 0.5 μ.

FIG. 8E shows a dispersed spot image captured by the imaging device ofthe wavefront sensor of the present invention, and having a phasedifference of 1.0 μ.

FIG. 8F shows a dispersed spot image captured by the imaging device ofthe wavefront sensor of the present invention, and having a phasedifference of 3.0 μ.

FIG. 9 shows the intensity values of a slice (along the dispersiondirection) through a dispersed spot image captured by the imaging deviceof the wavefront sensor of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of an adaptive optic subsystemaccording to the present invention, providing a schematic view of thegeometric arrangement of the apertures of its wavefront sensor, overlaidonto the segments of a multi-segmented deformable mirror employed in thesubsystem.

FIG. 11A is a simulated image produced from the geometric arrangement ofFIG. 10, showing piston and tilt errors between the center and outersegments, of the deformable mirror of the adaptive optics subsystem.

FIG. 11B is a simulated image from the geometric arrangement of FIG. 10,showing no piston and tilt errors between the center and outer segments,of the deformable mirror of the adaptive optics subsystem.

FIGS. 12A and 12B, taken together, set forth a flowchart illustratingexemplary operations of the wavefront sensor of the present inventionwhen performing both coarse and fine phase measurement for a givensubaperture.

FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary mirror correctionscheme utilized by the adaptive optic system of FIG. 10, for controllingthe displacement of mirror segments in the system in order to correctfor the phase errors measured during wavefront sensing operations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring to the figures in the accompanying Drawings, the preferredembodiments of the present invention will now be described in greatdetail, wherein like elements will be indicated using like referencenumerals.

In FIG. 2, there is shown an adaptive optics based large-aperture spacetelescope 111 embodying the adaptive optics subsystem 115 of the presentinvention which is capable of measuring and correcting large wavefrontphase errors free of 2π phase resolution ambiguity.

As shown in FIG. 2, light from a nominal point source above theatmosphere enters the primary mirror 113 of the telescope 111 and isfocused and directed by mirrors 114A and 114B to an adaptive opticssubsystem 115. The adaptive optics subsystem 115 includes a tilt mirror117, a deformable mirror 19 disposed between its source (the mirrors 114A and 114B), and also an electronic imaging camera 131 for capturing animage of the nominal point source. A beam splitter 121 directs a portionof the light directed to the imaging camera by the mirrors 117, 119 to awavefront sensor 123 that measures the phase distortion in thewavefronts of light directed thereto using the novel wavefront sensingmethod of the present invention. A computer 125 cooperates with mirrordriver 127A to control the tilt mirror 117 to stabilize the image of thepoint source, and cooperates with the mirror driver 127B to control thedeformable mirror 119 so as to compensate for and correcting large phasedistortions measured therein, substantially free of the 2π phaseresolution ambiguity associated with prior art wavefront sensingtechniques.

Long-baseline optical interferometers utilize a well known dispersedfringe technique (see, for example, Applied Optics vol. 35, #16, p.3002). In the dispersed fringe system, the beams from two telescopeapertures are combined in the pupil plane and brought to a common focus.If the path lengths from the two apertures are closely matched, therewill be interference between the two beams and fringes will be formed.For any given wavelength, this fringe pattern shifts with changing pathdifference but the pattern repeats for every one wavelength change inpath. This is known as a 2π phase resolution ambiguity. If this focalspot is spectrally dispersed, then the fringe pattern as a function ofwavelength may be recorded. Since the ambiguity in path difference isone wavelength at the measurement wavelength, by measuring at multiplewavelengths it is possible to extend the unambiguous path differencemeasurement range very significantly.

According to the principles of the present invention, the wavefrontsensing method employed in adaptive optics subsystem 115 generallycomprises: using each subaperture of modified Hartmann sensor 123 tospatially sample incident light from the input beam and form a(far-field) dispersed spot image with a fringe pattern corresponding toeach sample of incident light; and using an image camera 124 as part ofsensor 123 to capture the image of the dispersed fringe pattern and anassociated image processor 125 to analyze spectral components of thedispersed fringe pattern in order to derive a measure of the local phasedistortion in each sample of incident light, in a way which issubstantially free of the 2π phase error ambiguity characteristic ofprior art wavefront sensing techniques.

More specifically, each subaperture in the wavefront sensor of thepresent invention forms a unique image of a spatial sample of incidentlight. If that subaperture, for example, bridges the gap between the twosegments of deformable mirrors 117, 119 in the adaptive optic subsystem115, then a phase step may be introduced into a subaperture. In such acase, the two halves of the subaperture would be analogous to the twoapertures of a long baseline interferometer, as disclosed in AppliedOptics, Volume 35, No. 16, page 3002, wherein a dispersed fringeanalysis technique is disclosed. In accordance with the principles ofthe present invention, if such a phase step occurs within a subapertureand the image is dispersed, then a very distinctive fringe pattern isformed, and by analyzing this dispersed fringe pattern, the size of thephase step can be determined without 2π phase error ambiguity. In FIG.3A, a distinctive fringe pattern is shown, which closely parallels thesimulation of the expected image shown in FIG. 3B from the arrangementof the wavefront sensor of the present invention in FIGS. 4A-4B and 5.

Referring to FIG. 5, the optical components comprising an exemplarywavefront sensor according to the present invention are schematicallyillustrated. The wavefront sensor comprises optical elements 117 thatspatially sample incident light and form dispersed spots with a fringepattern corresponding to samples of the incident light. As shown,wavefront sensor 123 further comprises electronic imaging device 124(e.g., CCD camera) for recording the light transmitted through theoptical elements 1503 to capture an image of the fringe pattern of suchspots. The pupil plane is shown at 126. The wavefront sensor 123 furthercomprises image processor 127 for analyzing spectral components of thefringe pattern in the image captured by the imaging device 124 so as toderive a measure (that eliminates the 2π ambiguity) of the local phasedistortions in the samples of incident light.

As illustrated in FIG. 5 and FIGS. 4A-4B, the optical elements 117 (thatspatially sample incident light and form dispersed spots with fringepatterns corresponding to samples of the incident light) may comprise atransmission grating 110 (for example, with dimensions one inch squareand 3 mm thick) and a lens array 115. The lens array 115 may includeepoxy on glass (for example with dimensions one inch in diameter and 6mm thick). Segment dividers, which illustrate the spatially partitioningof the subapertures of the lens array, are shown by a thick line as, forexample, is indicated at 120. The grating direction is shown at 122. Thepupil plane is shown at 126. In an alternate embodiment (not shown), theposition of the grating 10 with respect to the lens array 115 may bejuxtaposed such that grating 110 is adjacent to the pupil plane 126.

Alternatively, the optical elements 117 of the wavefront sensor 123 ofFIG. 5 may comprise one or more refractive optical elements (such asprisms) or one or more diffractive optical elements (such as adiffraction grating or hologram) or a combination of the two, e.g., agrism. A grism, or Carpenter prism, whose function is schematicallyillustrated in FIG. 4C, is a transmission grating mounted on a prismthat together act to disperse incident light (along a predetermineddispersion direction) without deviating a component (its designwavelength) of the incident light. It is preferable that the opticalelements 117 provide an independent dispersive direction (which ispreferably aligned along the direction of the phase step to be measure)for each subaperture. Holographic gratings or an array of grism elementsprovide such independent dispersion directions. Optical elements with asingular dispersive direction may be used, but this complicates theanalysis for phase steps that ran at an angle relative to the singulardispersion direction.

Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 4D, the optical elements 117 of thewavefront sensor 100 of FIG. 5 may include a first dispersive element 118A (which may be a grism or grism array or hologram) that dispersesincident light and a second dispersive element 11 8B that deviate thedispersed ray bundle formed by the first dispersive element 11 8A toproduce the fringe pattern for measurement. The second dispersiveelement 118B may be realized as an array of prism elements, wherein eachprism element includes a plurality of sub-elements that have slightlydifferent tilt in the direction perpendicular to the dispersiondirection of the first dispersive element 11 8A, which deviates the raybundle formed by the first dispersive element so that the spectralcomponents of the dispersed spot fringe pattern are separated in theimage plane of the imaging device.

In addition, it is contemplated that the first and second dispersiveelements 118A and 118B of the wavefront sensor 100 may be integratedinto a single module.

This interferometric analog may be extended to understand the operationof illustrative embodiments of the wavefront sensor of the presentinvention. Just as in the dispersed fringe sensor, if the Hartmann spotis dispersed parallel to the edge of the phase step, we may observe theshape of the blur spot at many wavelengths. FIGS. 8A-8F show the resultsof a simulation of this arrangement. In this simulation, the dispersionis in the vertical direction and covers the range from 0.5 μm at thebottom to 1.0 μm at the top. Each image is the blur spot formed by aHartmann lenslet that has been combined with a dispersive element.

Slicing horizontally through each image (which is perpendicular to thedirection of dispersion) produces blur spots similar to FIGS. 6A-6C. Ateach slice perpendicular to the dispersion, the light distribution ischaracteristic of the blur spot formed by a Hartmann sensor at oneparticular wavelength. As the size of the step increases away from zero,power is shifted from the central lobe of the spot to the side lobe. Inaddition, the position of the central lobe shifts. This shift isdirectly proportional to the size of the phase step. Unfortunately, oncethe phase step reaches ½ wave, the “side lobe” becomes the brighterlobe. Thus, using the position of the brighter lobe suffers from thesame 2π ambiguity as the interferometer.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, the wavefront sensor 123 of the presentinvention includes imaging device 124 (e.g., CCD camera or CMOS camera)that captures an image of the fringe pattern distributed along thedispersion direction by the dispersive elements 117, and imageprocessing device 127 that analyzes the spectral components of thefringe pattern to derive a measure (that eliminates the 2π ambiguity) ofthe local phase distortion in the corresponding sample of incidentlight. Preferably, the image processing device 127 analyzes the spatialfrequency of the spectral components of the fringe pattern to derive ameasure (that eliminates the 2π ambiguity) of the local phase distortionin the corresponding sample of incident light. FIG. 12 illustratesexemplary operations of the image processing device in analyzing thespatial frequency of the spectral components of the fringe pattern toderive a measure (that eliminates the 2π ambiguity) of the local phasedistortion in the corresponding sample of incident light.

Note that by examining the behavior of the light distribution along thedispersion direction, the wavefront sensor 100 derives a measure ofphase distortion without ambiguity (e.g., the 2π ambiguity is resolved).For example, a slice through the image of such light distribution alongthe dispersion direction yields an intensity profile that is exactlyanalogous to the output of the dispersed fringe sensor. Such a sliceproduced by a simulation is shown in FIG. 9.

The wavefront sensor of the present invention 123 shown in FIGS. 2through 5 and as described above is preferably operated in two modes.The first mode of operation is used when the estimated phase step erroris large (e.g., greater than ½ wave), and provides a coarse measure ofphase distortion without ambiguity (e.g., the 2π ambiguity is resolved).The second mode of operation is used when the phase step is small (e.g.,less than ½ wave), and provides a finer measure of such phasedistortion. In the first mode of operation, slices (along the directionof dispersion) in the image of the fringe pattern are analyzed to yieldan estimate of the phase error. This estimate is used to correct theerror until the size of the step is reduced below ½ wave. At this point,the second mode of operation is used. In the second mode of operation,slices (perpendicular to the direction of dispersion) of the image ofthe fringe pattern are analyzed to the measure the phase error withgreater accuracy, which is used to further reduce the phase step error.Simulations indicate that measurement of phase step errors of less than1/50 wave should be possible. This one sensor then combines both thecoarse and fine phase measurement capability in one monolithic opticalinstrument.

FIGS. 12A and 12B illustrate a more detailed description of exemplaryoperations of the wavefront sensor of the present invention 123 inperforming both coarse and fine phase measurement for a givensubaperture. In step 1201, the optical elements that form the far-fieldfringe pattern for a given subaperture (e.g., dispersion element) arealigned such that dispersion occurs primarily in a direction parallel tothe edge of a potential phase step. In step 1203, the imaging device 124captures an image of the fringe pattern (which corresponds to thespectral components of the dispersed far-field spot) for the givenaperture. Optionally, image processor 127 may apply image processingtechniques (such as filtering, contrast enhancement, etc) to improve thesignal-to-noise ratio of the interference fringe therein.

In step 1205, the image processor 127 calculates a two-dimensionalgradient of the image produced in step 1203 and derives slope of thefringe pattern from the gradient values. This slope provides the sign ofthe course estimate of phase step error as derived in step 1217.

In steps 1207-1213, a loop is performed over a predetermined number ofslices (that are parallel to the direction of dispersion for the givensubaperture) through the image produced in step 1203, wherein steps 1209and 1211 are performed for each “parallel” slice. In step 1209, a fastfourier transform (FFT) is performed on the intensity values of theslice; and, in step 1211, a maximum value (corresponding to the peakspatial frequency of the spectral components in the fringe pattern) inthe FFT of the slice is identified. After the loop 1207-1213 ends,operation continues to step 1215.

In step 1215, a spatial frequency value is derived from the maximumsidentified in step 1211 (for example, by calculating the average of suchmaximums). This spatial frequency value characterizes the spatialfrequency of the spectral components in the fringe pattern.

In step 1217, a course estimate of the phase step error is derived fromthe sign (identified in step 1205) and the spatial frequency valuecalculated in step 1215. Because the phase step error is directlyproportional to the spatial frequency of the spectral components in thefringe pattern, this operation preferably includes a multiplication ofthe spatial frequency value (calculated in step 1215) by a constant.Note that the 2π ambiguity is resolved in this measurement.

In step 1219, the coarse estimate of phase step error is output to amirror correction routine to correct for this error and the operation ofthe first mode ends.

In step 1221, it is determined if the second mode of operation (e.g.,the phase step error is less than ½ wave) for fine phase errormeasurement should be entered. If not, the operation returns back step1203 to perform course phase measurement and correction; if so, theoperation continues to perform a loop 1223-1231.

Loop 1223-1231 performs a loop over a predetermined number of slices(that are perpendicular to the direction of dispersion) through theimage as produced in step 1203 wherein the operations of steps 1225,1227 and 1229 are performed.

In step 1225, the image processor 127 identifies the location of thecentroid of the fringe pattern within the slice. In step 1227, the imageprocessor 127 calculates deviation of the centroid (calculated in step1225) from location of a geometric null (e.g., location of a referencecentroid measured by the same analysis of the fringe pattern from areference source). This deviation provides a measure of the phase errorfor a given spectral component (wavelength) as a function of thewavelength of the spectral component. In step 1229, the wavelengthcorresponding to the phase error measured in step 1227 is identified,and this wavelength is used to convert such phase error to an absolutephase error value for the given spectral component This operationinvolves mapping the pixel coordinates of the slice to a wavelength.Such mapping is preferably accomplished in a calibration phase, wherebythe wavefront sensor 123 is illuminated with a source with predeterminedspectral components. The image processor 127 identifies suchpredetermined spectral components in its image plane (pixelcoordinates), determines a mapping between pixel coordinates andwavelength, and stores such mapping in persistent storage for subsequentuse.

After the loop ends in step 1231, the operation continues in step 1233wherein the image processor 127 derives a fine phase step error from theabsolute phase errors (step 1229) for the slices, for example, byaveraging the absolute phase errors.

In step 1235, the image processor 127 outputs the fine phase step errorto a mirror correction routine that corrects for the fine phase steperror, and returns to the first mode of operation in step 1203.

The wavefront sensor of the present invention 123 as described above ispreferably used as part of an adaptive optic system as illustrated inFIG. 2. The wavefront sensor 123 measures the phase distortion in thewavefronts of light directed thereto, and operates in conjunction with acomputer 125 and mirror drivers to control one or more mirrors (such astilt mirror 117 and deformable mirror 119 to compensate for the phasedistortions (i.e. errors) measured therein.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an adaptive optic systemaccording to the present invention. It provides a schematic view thatshows the geometric arrangement of the apertures of the wavefront sensoroverlaid onto the segments of a multi-segmented deformable mirror. Thebottom layer represents the segments of the deformable mirror. As shownthere are seven large hexagons 1100, with six large hexagons arrangedaround the seventh, each of which is a mirror, or mirror segment. We usethe term “mirror” to refer to the overall surface that is composed ofindividual “mirror segments.” Here it is assumed that the mirror to bephased consists of hexagonal segments, although other shapes also work.The top layer 250 represent the apertures of the wavefront sensor 123.As shown there are nineteen (19) subapertures, each of which ishexagonal in shape. There are two types of subapertures shown here. Afirst type of apertures 1115 (referred to as “dispersed Hartmannapertures”) 1115 form far-field spots corresponding to samples of theincident light and disperse the fringe pattern of such spots asdiscussed above. A second type of apertures 1110 (referred to “normalHartmann aperture”) do not perform dispersion. Arranged around the sixedges of the center mirror segment are six dispersed Hartmann apertures1115 that are used to measure the piston difference to adjacent mirrorsegments from the center mirror segment. Additional dispersed Hartmannsubapertures 1115 are located between the centers of the other mirrorsegments. In the center of each mirror segment is a normal Hartmannsubaperture 1110 used to measure the tilt of the segment. This singlesubaperture may be replaced by many smaller subapertures if the segmentrequires figure measurement or control. This hybrid optical elementwould preferably be fabricated as a single unit with holographicgratings and refractive lenslets. It could be mounted in a retractableholder in a pupil plane of the telescope system. The resulting imageswould be captured by imaging camera 131.

The procedure for aligning and phasing this set of segments begins byusing the central subaperture tip and tilt error signals to point thesegment correctly. The tilt alignment is performed by deforming themirror segment so that it tilts in the proper direction. Phase alignmentis performed by moving a piston attached to the back of the segment andchanging the height of the segment. The goal is to make all parts of theincoming wave as shown in FIG. 2 reach the mirror segments at the sametime and at the same angle. It is here assumed that a suitable referenceposition for each segment has been defined. Once the tilt error isminimized, the six dispersed sensors 1115 are used to measure the pistondifferences. Initially, the along dispersion data are used to reduce thepiston to a value below ½ wave, then the cross dispersion data are usedto reduce the piston error to a very low limit. FIG. 11A shows asimulation of the image formed by this arrangement of subapertures forthe case in which the central segment is both tilted and pistoned withrespect to the others. FIG. 11B shows the case in which the segments areproperly phased.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary mirror correction scheme utilized bythe adaptive optic system of FIG. 10 to control displacement of themirror segments to correct for the phase errors provided by wavefrontsensing operations. In step 1301, a loop is performed over one or moreof the mirror segments of FIG. 10. Step 1305 is performed for each givensegment in the loop. In step 1305, the estimated phase step errorsproduced by the wavefront sensor 123 that correspond to the givensegment (including those phase step errors corresponding to its edges)are used to construct a phase error for the given mirror segment in aglobal coordinate system of the deformable mirror. The loop ends in step1303 and operations continue to step 1307 wherein the phase error of themirror segment(s) calculated in step 1305, which are represented in theglobal coordinate system of the deformable mirror, is used to derivesegment displacements that best corrects for such phase error (i.e.,forms the complex conjugate of such phase errors).

In addition, the improved wavefront sensor 123 and adaptive opticsubsystem as described above is preferably used as part of a largeaperture space telescope as illustrated in FIG. 2. Because of the largedynamic range of the wavefront sensor and its ability to performwavefront measurement without ambiguity, it is ideally suited toperformed course adjustment of a large aperture space telescope tothereby correct for large phase steps that are initially present withinsuch systems.

Moreover, because of the large dynamic measurement range of thewavefront sensor, it can operate effectively in highly turbulenttransmission mediums. Moreover, wavefront measurements for all segmentscan be made simultaneously using a single image of the wavefront.

While the present invention has been described with reference to aparticular preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, it willbe understood by those skilled in the art that the invention is notlimited to the preferred embodiment and that various modifications andthe like could be made thereto without departing from the scope of theinvention as defined in the following Claims to Invention.

1-21. (canceled) 23-24. (canceled)
 25. A dispersed Hartmann sensor,comprising: a Hartmann lenslet in combination with a dispersive element,whereby a Hartman spot formed by light passing through said Hartmannlenslet is dispersed at an angle to a phase step of said light.
 26. Asensor according to claim 25, wherein said angle is zero so that saidlight passing through said Hartmann lenslet is dispersed parallel tosaid phase step of said light.
 27. A sensor according to claim 25,wherein said dispersive element is a refractive element.
 28. A sensoraccording to claim 25, wherein said dispersive element is a diffractiveelement.
 29. A sensor according to claim 25, wherein said dispersiveelement is a combination of a diffractive element and a refractiveelement.
 30. A sensor according to claim 29, wherein said dispersiveelement is a grism.
 31. A sensor according to claim 29, wherein saiddispersive element is a holographic grating.
 32. A mirror array,comprising: a first layer having a plurality of mirror segments, eachmirror segment consisting of a center portion and a surroundingnon-center portion; a second layer having a plurality of Hartmannsubapertures and a plurality of dispersed Hartmann subapertures; saidHartmann subapertures being arranged over said center portions of saidplurality of mirror segments; and said dispersed Hartmann subaperturesbeing arranged over those edges where said plurality of mirror segmentsjoin one another.
 33. A method for measuring the size of a discontinuityin a wavefront of light, comprising the steps of: forming a single imageof said wavefront; dispersing said image in wavelength using acombination of a Hartman lenslet and a dispersive element; and analyzingsaid dispersed image along a dispersion direction of said dispersedimage to measure the size of said discontinuity.
 34. A system formeasuring the size of a discontinuity in a wavefront of light,comprising: means for forming a single image of said wavefront; meansfor dispersing said image in wavelength using a combination of a Hartmanlenslet and a dispersive element; and means for analyzing said dispersedimage along a dispersion direction of said dispersed image to measurethe size of said discontinuity. 35-37. (canceled)